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War of the Minds - Archive - War IV

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Marino Jaen - email: marino@sinfo.net
has accumulated 500 points.

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Archives - War IV

• War IV - Battle 14
• War IV - Battle 13
• War IV - Battle 12
• War IV - Battle 11
• War IV - Battle 10
• War IV - Battle 9
• War IV - Battle 8
• War IV - Battle 7
• War IV - Battle 6
• War IV - Battle 5
• War IV - Battle 4
• War IV - Battle 3
• War IV - Battle 2
• War IV - Battle 1

Archives of Previous Battles - War IV

1. Forestry

On a topographic map with a scale of 1:24000 how many inches on the map represents a mile on the ground? How many gunter's chains is this?
see Answer

2. Computers

How many nybbles are necessary to store the name, "Frank Sinatra" in ASCII format? (Quotation marks are not included.)
see Answer

3. Philosophy

What futurist wrote "Future Shock", "The Third Wave" and "Powershift"?
see Answer

4. Music

Song Lyrics:

        Beneath this snowy mantle cold and clean
        The unborn grass lies waiting
        For its coat to turn to green

Who or what?

        Speaks to me of flowers
        That will bloom again in spring
        
        When I was young my heart was young then too
        Anything that it would tell me
        That's the thing that I would do
        But now I feel such emptiness within
        For the thing that I want most in life's
        The thing that I can't win

Click here for an audio clue.
see Answer

1. Forestry

On the map 2.64 inches represents one mile on the ground. For part two I am not quite clear about what you are asking. If you are asking how many Gunter's chains are in the mile it is 80, if you are asking about the inch then it is about 30 chains.
80 Gunter's chains to the mile was the correct answer.

2. Computers

"Frank Sinatra", having 13 characters (the blank included) will be stored in 26 nybbles. A nybble is defined as a half byte, and it is not usually an addressable unit by itself.

3. Philosophy

Alvin Toffler.

4. Music

Who or what?

             Speaks to me of flowers
             That will bloom again in spring

Answer: The Snowbird
The song is "Snowbird" by Anne Murray
The missing line is:
"The Snowbird sings the song it always sings"

1. Forestry

When using a steel tape to measure horizontal distances on sloping ground it is sometimes necessary to "break tape". What does this mean and why is it done?
see Answer

2. Computers

PEEK and POKE, programmers sometimes do. To what do these terms refer?
see Answer

3. Philosophy

Not exactly a sequel to Thoreau's book, this fictional vision of a modern utopia was written in 1948. Who was the psychologist author, famous for his box, and what is the title of the book?
see Answer

4. Culture - Song lyrics

A popular song:

      Although I know it's strictly taboo
      When you arouse a need in me
      My heart says, "Yes, Indeed" in me
      Proceed with what you're leading me to
      It's such an ancient pitch
      But one that I'd never switch
      For there's no nicer _________  than you.

Fill in the blank (one word).

      I've got no defense for it
      The heat is too intense for it
      What good would common sense for it do?

What is it? (It's the name of the song.)
see Answer

1. Forestry

Breaking tape means to use a portion of the tape rather than the full tape on steep slopes. It is done because the tape has to stay horizontal to measure horizontal distance. If left at the slope angle, the result is not horizontal distance but slope distance.

2. Computers

Both are instructions that deal directly with memory location addresses.
PEEK returns the contents of some memory location. In other words, it reads a value directly from a location in RAM.
POKE places a value directly into a memory location.

3. Philosophy

Psychologist B. F. Skinner, inventor of the Skinner Box, wrote the book "Walden Two."
See: http://www.lafayette.edu/allanr/skinner.html

4. Culture

"For there's no nicer witch than you" completes the line from "Witchcraft," composed by Coleman & Leigh.
See: The Sinatra Song Book

1. Forestry

Joe and Sally met in their freshman year of high school. Young Joe was so smitten with her that he took Sally to a nearby woodland where he carved a heart and their initials into the bark of a young beech tree. Joe and Sally were a couple all through high school and after high school they married and moved North where they raised a son and two daughters and worked at various jobs for 35 years. They then retired and moved back to their old home town.
One day Joe suggested to Sally that they return to the woodland and find "their" beech tree. They went there one beautiful autumn afternoon and searched the sun dappled woodland walking through piles of brightly colored autumn leaves. After a while they found the old beech tree still standing.
Joe and Sally had been gone for 35 years. That plus the four years of high school means that 39 years had elasped since the initials were carved. If the beech tree grew in height 5% of its height for the first ten years, then 3% for the next ten years and then 2% for the last nine years, how high up the tree would Joe and Sally have to look to see their carved heart? Assume that the heart was originally carved at eye level or about five feet above the ground.
see Answer

2. Computers

Observe the following computer program. What does it do? In what language is it written?

   CLS
   RANDOMIZE TIMER
   X=INT(RND*100)+1
   Y=0
   C=0
   WHILE X<>Y
       C=C+1
       INPUT Y
       IF Y<X THEN PRINT"<" ELSE PRINT">"
   WEND
   PRINT "YES";C;" TRIES."
   END

see Answer

3. Philosophy

Explain the concepts of wu-wei and yang yin. With what religion, person and book are they associated?
see Answer

4. Music

With four hungry children and a crop in the field, who did what?
Click here for an audio clue.
see Answer

1. Forestry

The carved heart with their initials will be at the same height at which they carved it 39 years before.
This is because height growth occurs at the tip of the growing stem. The tree does not push up out of the ground.

2. Computers

It randomly picks an integer number between 1 and 100 and asks you to input a number. If you input a number too low it prints the message "<" and asks you again. If you input a number too high it prints the message ">" and asks you again. When you finally get the right number, the program displays how many tries you needed to get it.
The program is written in Qbasic.

3. Philosophy

Wu-wei means nothing-doing. It refers to being in control of everything by being apparently powerless. It is based on the principle that force defeats itself. For example, in human relations, through yielding we can accomplish more than we could if we confronted people.
Yang yin represents the negative and positive energies that are present in everything and govern the universe. They complement each other and form a balanced whole.
Both concepts are related to Taoism. Lao-Tzu deals with both in the book Tao Te Ching.

4. Music

Lucille left him.
More specifically in the words of the song, "You picked a fine time to leave me, Lucille."

1. Forestry

Black Cherry and other Prunus spp. trees in the eastern United States often appear as in the picture below in the spring of the year. What causes this?

see Answer

2. Computers

The following computer subroutine written in BASIC for a PC compatible computer is designed to display on the computer monitor, one screenful at a time, a text file already opened in buffer 1. It should stop when each screenful of text is displayed until a key is pressed. It should then display the next screenful of text. It should continue until either the end of the text file is reached or the [ESC] key is pressed. The subroutine below has two bugs. Please identify them? Tell their effect and how to correct them.

    1000 CLS:V=1:H=30:Z$="TEXT FILE":LOCATE V,H:PRINT Z$;
    1010 V=3:H=1:ZQ=0
    1100 WHILE NOT EOF(1) AND ZQ<>27
    1110   LINE INPUT #1,A$
    1120   LOCATE V,H:PRINT A$;
    1130   V=V+1
    1140   IF V<23 THEN GOTO 1200
    1150   X$=INKEY$:IF X$="" THEN GOTO 1150
    1152   ZQ=ASC(X$)
    1160   FOR Z=3 TO 23:LOCATE Z,H:PRINT SPACE$(80);:NEXT
    1200 WEND
    1400 CLS:RETURN

see Answer

3. Philosophy

What is the name for a philosophy that asserts that the spiritual rather than the material is the fundamental reality? It is an idealist philosophy as opposed to the empiricists. It is associated with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.
see Answer

4. History

For about 250 years Tokugawa ruled in Edo. When did this occur? Where was Edo?
see Answer

2. Computers

After line 1160 there is a failure to reinitialize the variable V which is the vertical line count. This will cause the line count to increment past the end of the 25 line screen.
To fix this use the program line:
1170 V=3
That will start the text printing again at the 3rd line on the screen after filling the screen and waiting for a key press.
Also, as written, the program will fail to show the last few lines read from the file because, when the end of the file is reached, the screen will be cleared without waiting for a key press.
To fix this use the program lines:
1300 IF V<4 OR ZQ=27 THEN GOTO 1400
1310 X$=INKEY$:IF X$="" THEN GOTO 1310
This question was unanswered during War IV.

1. Forestry

The photo depicts the "tent" of the Eastern Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma americanum (Fabricius),
Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae

3. Philosophy

The philosophy described here is Transcendentalism:
"Transcendentalism is the only insular philosophical movement in American literature. It is purely an American "ism." The transcendental movement which received its voice from Emerson in Concord, Massachusetts, in a way had its roots in American Puritanism. Transcendentalism made the following assumptions:

* the ultimate and absolute reality is not material but spiritual
* matter is ultimately pervaded by an omnipresent soul
* knowledge is primarily intuitive

See:
http://www.shawsheen.tec.ma.us/mmello/AmTrans.htm

4. History

The Tokugawa/Edo period refers to Japanese history in the 17th century (in Western terms). Edo is now Tokyo. [Note: Edo was destroyed by fire in 1657.]
For a rather unusual timeline, see:
http://pobox.upenn.edu/~cheetham/jgarden/timeline.html
Also see:

• Some Backround information about Japan and Shogun's
• Japan: Edo (1603-1867)
• GUIDE TO JAPAN: Edo Period

1. Forestry

Which of the following is not an angiosperm?

• Salix nigra
• Carya ovata
• Abies amabilis
• Corylus cornuta
• Quercus rubra
• Magnolia acuminata
• Rhus typhina
• Acer negundo

see Answer

2. Computers

Which of the following does not belong?

• Linda
• Hermes
• MUMPS
• Ada
• Joyce
• Hope
• Logo
• Oberon
• Mercury
• Orca
• Perl

see Answer

3. Philosophy

What was the punishment of Sisyphus? According to Camus what philosophy enabled Sisyphus to come to terms with his punishment?
see Answer

4. Literature

From the same work:

       Beware the ides of March.

Why? What may happen then?

       He has a lean and hungry look;
       He thinks too much:  such men are dangerous.

Who?

       Cowards die many times before their deaths; 
       The valiant never taste of death but once. 
       Of all the wonders that I yet have heard, 
       It seems to me most strange that men should fear; 
       Seeing that death, a necessary end, 
       Will come when it will come. 

Who is the speaker?
see Answer

1. Forestry

Abies amabilis
Right. Fir is a gymnosperm.

3. Philosophy

Sisyphus was sentenced to push a rock up a hill all day, only to start over at the bottom the next day. Mmmm...existentialism.

2. Computers

The one that doesn't belong to the list is Joyce. All the others are programming languages.

4. Literature

From Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare:

        Beware the ides of March.

Caesar will be assassinated on the ides of March by a group of conspirators including his friend Brutus.

        He has a lean and hungry look;
        He thinks too much:  such men are dangerous.

Julius Ceasar speaking of one of the conspirators, Cassius.

        Cowards die many times before their deaths; etc.

Julius Ceasar again, responding to his wife's request that he stay home (on the ides of March.)

1. Forestry

I calibrated my pace and I have 11 paces per gunter's chain. I paced around a tract of forest land as follows:

        Due West 110 paces
        Due South 33 paces
        Due East 154 paces
        in a Northwesterly direction 55 paces to the beginning.

Approximately how many acres are in the tract?
see Answer

2. Computers

When I began using computers I was familiar with the following terms:

        Wayne Green - 80 Micro
        Osborne 1
        Sinclair
        TRS-80
        Kaypro
        Lisa
        PET
        David Ahl - Creative Computing
        Gary Kildall - CP/M
        VisiCalc
        Ada
        Grace Hopper
        Charles Babbage

Who or what are (were) they?
see Answer

3. Philosophy

Born in 1912, he was one of the first to raise the concept of artificial intelligence. He believed that machines could exhibit (not just mimic) intelligence. He also believed that biological form was simply a logical result of chemical and physical processes. He applied the concept of the algorithm to digital computers. Who was this mathematician, computer pioneer, and philosopher?
see Answer

4. History

What is this?

see Answer

1. Forestry

3.6 acres.

If you have 11 paces per gunter's chain then the tract measured in this unit is:

        Due West 10
        Due South 3 
        Due East 14
        in a Northwesterly direction 5 to the beginning.

Which gives us an area that could be divided into a quad measuring 10 x 3 gunter's chains and a triangle with base = 4 gunter's chains and height = 3 gunter's chains
the area of the quad is Aq = 10x3 = 30 sq gc
and the area of the triangle is At = (3x4)/2 = 6 sq gc
so, the area inside the tract is 36 sq gc (30+6). This translated to acres is 3.6 acres (1 acre = 10 sq gc)

2. Computers

Wayne Green - 80 Micro

Wayne Green has been for more that 30 years the publisher of some of the most successful consumer electronics magazines including 80 Micro and Byte.

Osborne 1

A Zilog Z-80 based computer that ran CP/M

Sinclair

A series of computers of which the most famous one was the ZX81.

TRS-80

A late 70s computer sold by Tandy Corp - Radio Shack. It was based on a Zilog Z-80 microprocessor

Kaypro

A series of computers based on the Z80, circa 1980. Some were portables.

Lisa

A line of models introduced by Apple during the period between the original Apples (I, II, IIe, IIc, III) and the Macintosh (1982-83)

PET

Personal Electronic Transactor, a computer introduced by Commodore Business Machines around 1977.

David Ahl - Creative Computing

David Ahl is the founder of Creative Computing, the first personal computing magazine (in 1974) and also the author of Basic Computer Games and 21 other books.

Gary Kildall - CP/M

Gary Kildall wrote CP/M, an early operating system for personal computers based on the 8080 and Z-80 chips. Some commands on DOS, such as DIR, are leftovers from CP/M

VisiCalc

The first "killer" application for personal computers. An early form of spreadsheet, it was responsible for making Apple computers very popular.

Ada

A programming language developed for the U.S. Department of Defense. Named for Augusta Ada Lovelace, who wrote programs for Babbage's machines.

Grace Hopper

A naval officer who designed compilers that were used for business applications programming during the 50s. She was then involved on the Cobol design effort.

Charles Babbage

designer of the first mechanical computers, the Difference and Analytical Machines on the mid 19th century

See The History of Computing

3. Philosophy

Alan Turing, born on June 23, 1912. He was also involved in the breaking of the codes used by German U-Boats during WWII, helping his native Great Britain and their allies to win the Battle of the Atlantic
For A LOT more of information about Alan Turing, visit The Alan Turing Home Page.

4. History

The object shown is a slide rule. Before the advent of handheld calculators -- and computers -- slide rules were used for mathematical calculations, primarily by engineers.

Note from Duane: When I was in college there were no handheld calculators or computers. For the calculations required in classes in Surveying, Statistics, and forest measurements I learned to use an abacus and a slide rule together; the abacus for addition and subtraction and the slide rule for multiplication and division. With practice one could begin to approach the efficiency of a handheld calculator. See the picture of an abacus below. (Click on it for more information.)

1. Forestry

Name these tools. Be specific.

see Answer

2. Computers

The Mandelbrot set can be thought of as an index to ________ sets. Fill in the blank. (Maybe more a math than a computer question.)
see Answer

3. Philosophy

In an ancient city whose lighthouse was one of the wonders of the world at that time was probably the world's greatest library containing over 400,000 scrolls, copies of all the books known in the world. Now that library and the entire center of learning built around it are gone and no one knows where, when or why. What city was this, named for the great conqueror who built it?
see Answer

4. Games

The playing board for an old game looks like this.

What is the game?

see Answer

1. Forestry

They are in order left to right and top to bottom,

• Council Fire Swatter Flap
• Council Fire Rake
• McLeod Rake
• Pulaski-Forester Axe

This question was unanswered during War IV.

2. Computers

Julia sets from Chaos by James Gleick p.222

3. Philosophy

The city is Alexandria, located in Egypt. It was built by Alexander The Great.

4. Games

I had a game called Nine Men's Morris, that used that board, but I imagine that there are a host of other names for the game.
Another name is Mill.
For further information check these links:

• Nine Men's Morris
• nmmrules
• Games of the Viking & Anglo-Saxon Age

1. Forestry

"Where, oh where, is dear little Susie?"
"Pick 'um up and put 'um in your pocket."
"the largest tree fruit native to the United States."

Scientific name please?

see Answer

2. Computers

There is a message encoded in the image below.

What is it?

see Answer

3. Philosophy

To explain and popularize science in a world given to superstition, he wrote one of the first books of science fiction. It was called the "Somnium", "The Dream", and was about a journey to the moon. Science fiction was such a new idea at the time that the book was used as evidence that the author's mother was a witch. Who was this early scientist?
see Answer

4. History

Among all the records kept by Indians of North America in the 19th century and particularly in the pictographic "winter counts" kept by the Sioux there is a common theme in referring to the winter of 1833/1834. What happened then that seemed so significant to the Indians?
see Answer

1. Forestry

The pawpaw, Asiminia triloba is the fruit pictured. My dendrology class is a bit fuzzy but I think it's from the custard-apple family, Annonaceae

2. Computers

The picture is in GIF format, a compressed format. To discover the message it is necessary to convert the picture to an uncompressed format or save it in an uncompressed format such as BMP. When this is done and the resulting file is examined with the debug DOS program or with a word processor such as edit it will be found to contain the following:

 
        Apparently with no surprise,
        To any happy flower, 
        The frost beheads it at its play,
        In accidental power.
        The blond assassin passes on.
        The sun proceeds unmoved,
        To measure off another day,
        For an approving God.
 
 

This message appears in the picture as a line of static near the junction of the blue and the black parts of the picture.
This question was unanswered during War IV.

3. Philosophy

He was Johann Kepler, the German mathematician who formulated the laws that describe the motion of planets around the sun

4. History

The winter of 1833-1834 was notable for the meteor showers which took place during that period. Native Americans, connecting the "falling stars" phenomena to the events then occurring which would alter their lives irrevocably, depicted the events in various ways, including pictographs and the following:

______________
It was the Winter When the Stars Fell. The white men said it was 1833...November 12. It was our Month of the Snapping Trees. The evening started quietly, the stars and constellations turning slowly silently overhead. Every now and then a meteor, like a falling star, would streak across the heavens as on any evening. But this was to be no ordinary night. For now there were falling stars everywhere, and then more...thousands every minute. Beyond all counting.

The four-leggeds and the winged ones stirred and moaned and no one slept that night. Our wise men said it was a bad sign...that the falling stars were like the white men falling by the thousands upon our land...coming at first a few at a time, but now coming in great steams, pouring from the east upon the lands promised to us for all time. And still they came. And our wise men were right, for we heard that the white man's president, who was proud of fighting Indians, said that very year: "Those Indian tribes cannot exist near our settlements. They have neither the intelligence, the industry, the moral habits, nor a desire for improvement.

Relevant URL: www.indians.org/welker/fallstar.htm

Other cool sites I came across while researching this question:

• BBC news
• Adopt-a-meteorite

Also see: Meteors and the Native Americans

1. Forestry

A green tree of forests of the Eastern United States; it has pinnately compound opposite net-veined deciduous leaves 8 to 12 inches long with 5 to 9 leaflets whitish beneath. It has a superior ovary with a 4 parted calyx and 2 stamens. The flowers are imperfect and the trees are dioecious. The fruit is a double samara less than 12 mm long each half winged with the wing decurrent less than 1/3 of the body length and one seeded. What is the scientific or latin name of this species? How is its wood important in sports?
see Answer

2. Computers

If the numbers 16707, 18515, 17952, 20300, 8279, 19539, and 22351 are stored as two byte integers (lsb+msb) in BASIC and read as ASCII, a statement which could be a comment on a business' finances will be produced. What is that statement?
see Answer

3. Philosophy

Many Jewish families in the past protected newborn children by providing an amulet above their bed. On the amulet were the names of three angels. What were these names and from what evil were the babies thus protected?
see Answer

4. Art

It has been said that in the 1920s one in four American homes contained a copy of a painting or illustration by this American artist born in 1870. His works included "Moonrise" and the mural, "Old King Cole" painted in 1895 for the Mask and Wig Club. He had a yearly calendar contract with Edison Mazda (General Electric). Who was this famous artist?
see Answer

1. Forestry

Fraxinus americana or white ash. Baseball bats are made from ash.
Anne Lurie email: ALurie6171@aol.com
added this:
(I recall an anecdote about Calvin Coolidge, who had been presented a tool with a wooden handle. The presenter went on at great length about the hickory handle, comparing the wood's qualities to those of Coolidge himself. Coolidge looked the tool over carefully, then commented, "Ash.")
See: Louisville Slugger.

2. Computers

The statement is: CASH FLOW SLOW

        number         2-byte int           lsb+msb notation             ASCII
                       msb     lsb      (order of bytes inverted)
        16707       01000001 01000011       01000011 01000001           C      A
        18515       01001000 01010011       01010011 01001000           S      H
        17952       01000110 00100000       00100000 01000110         blank    F
        20300       01001111 01001100       01001100 01001111           L      O
         8279       00100000 01010111       01010111 00100000           W    blank
        19539       01001100 01010011       01010011 01001100           S      L
        22351       01010111 01001111       01001111 01010111           O      W
 
 

3. Philosophy

According to ancient legend, Adam's first wife was Lilith, who left Adam because she refused to be subordinate to him, arguing that she was Adam's equal because God had created both of them from the earth.
God sent 3 angels to pursue Lilith, decreeing that if Lilith refused to return to Adam, that she must permit 100 of her children to die each day. Lilith bade the angels to leave her, saying that she was created only to cause sickness to infants, having dominion over male infants for 8 days and over female infants for 20 days. However, Lilith swore to the 3 angels that she would have no power over any child wearing an amulet with the names or images of the 3 angels, Snvi, Snsvi, and Smnglof.
Thus, Jewish parents protected their children from the threat of death by giving each child an amulet inscribed with the names of the 3 angels.
See: this reference.

4. Art

The artist is Maxfield Parrish. The famous Mask & Wig's mural, "Old King Cole", caused some controversy as it was announced to be planned to be sold at an auction on May 23, 1996, at Christie's in New York. It ended up being bought by an anonymous buyer for $662,500.
see: this
and: this
and: this

1. Forestry

Where have all the elms gone? (long time passing.) Use scientific names.
see Answer

2. Computers

How did Mosaic doom gopher?
see Answer

3. Philosophy

Sand paintings are used by a singer in a blessing ceremony to restore balance and harmony (hozho). By what people?
see Answer

4. Art and Literature

Two Part question on related themes.

Name the work and the artist?

        From my youth upwards 
        My spirit walk'd not with the souls of men,  
        Nor look'd upon the earth with human eyes; 
        The thirst of their ambition was not mine; 
        The aim of their existence was not mine; 
        My joys, my griefs, my passions, and my powers, 
        Made me a stranger; though I wore the form,    
        I had no sympathy with breathing flesh, 
        Nor midst the creatures of clay that girded me 
        Was there but one who- but of her anon. 
        I said with men, and with the thoughts of men, 
        I held but slight communion; but instead, 
        My joy was in the Wilderness, to breathe
        The difficult air of the iced mountain's top,
        Where the birds dare not build, nor insect's wing 
        Flit o'er the herbless granite; or to plunge 
        Into the torrent, and to roll along 
        On the swift whirl of the new breaking wave 
        Of river-stream, or ocean, in their flow. 
        In these my early strength exulted; or 
        To follow through the night the moving moon, 
        The stars and their development, or catch 
        The dazzling lightnings till my eyes grew dim; 
        Or to look, list'ning, on the scatter'd leaves,
        While Autumn winds were at their evening song. 
        These were my pastimes, and to be alone; 
        For if the beings, of whom I was one,-
        Hating to be so,- cross'd me in my path, 
        I felt myself degraded back to them,
        And was all clay again.

Name the work and the author? Where was the character when he said these words?
see Answer

1. Forestry

Ophiostoma ulmi (formerly Ceratocystis ulmi) and O. novo- ulmi fungi (plus many subgroups) are the causes of Dutch elm disease. The smaller European elm bark beetle (Scolytus mutistriatus) spreads it. Ulmus americana is the American elm which (among others) dies from it.

2. Computers

The introduction of Mosaic rendered the use of Gopher not as appealing as it was before. While Gopher represented a breakthrough at the time of its introduction, it had many disadvantages that would not allow it to meet the ever growing needs of the internet users for long.

Gopher, developed by the University of Minnesota, was designed primarily as a document delivery system. It was also based on a simple hierarchical file system that worked well within a server. It was not designed taking in consideration that the documents needed would be scattered around the world. Later, some search engines would, somehow, fix this, but the Gopher mechanisms would remain inflexible.

Mosaic, developed by the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA), unified access to various protocols, data formats, and archives. This made Mosaic really valuable for searching and retrieving information from the global Internet, including Gopher sites. Also, Mosaic supports the retrieval and display of pictures, sounds, and motion video, allowing the multimedia capabilities that popularized the World Wide Web. Gopher, with its hierarchical text documents, and complicated search mechanisms could not be a match for surfing multimedia pages on the WWW.

3. Philosophy

There must be several people around the world that do sand paintings for purposes similar to restoring balance and harmony. Right now I can think of the Tibetan buddhist monks and the Navajo Indians of North America.

The Tibetan Monks build sand paintings as a meditation tool for transforming energy from bad to good (what could be considered restoring balance and harmony). An example of this can be seen in the movie Seven Years in Tibet, when the monks could be seen building a sand painting before a very important meeting with Chinese military envoys. I'm not sure if the building of the paintings is a blessing ceremony or if the builders sing while doing the paintings.

Also, the Navajo build them in order to transform negative emotions to positive ones as a way to restore balance and harmony. Since the word hozho was included in the question, I would say that the answer is the Navajo Indians from North America.

4. Art and Literature

The painting is "Wanderer Above the Mist" by Caspar David Friedrich, c. 1818
The play is "Manfred" by Lord Byron written in 1816-1817. In Act II, Scene II, Manfred is in a lower valley in the Alps - a cataract.
This question was unanswered during War IV.

1. Forestry

Before dinner I decide to have an "old fashioned". What tree species is involved in the production of the liquor in this drink? How?
My dinner companion orders a "gin and tonic". What genus of trees or shrubs is involved in the production of the liquor in this drink? How?
see Answer

2. Computers

Users of Windows 95 should be prepared by making use of the ERU. What is the ERU and what does it do?
see Answer

3. Philosophy

The Davidsbündler were a conservative bunch. Who were they and what were they conservative about?
see Answer

4. History

According to a recent column by a popular newspaper columnist, during its history of nearly half a century, only one member of NATO has ever had its territory invaded by the armed forces of another nation. What two nations were involved, when, and what was the outcome?
see Answer

1. Forestry

In your old fashioned there are several possibilities: quercus for the barrels in which the bourbon ages and castanea for the charcoal through which it is filtered. Also there are probably some roots, leaves and berries in Angostura bitters, but the recipe is 'secret'.

Your companion is grateful for the existence of juniperus whose bark (along with other ingredients) flavors the gin.

Comment from Duane: Quercus and Juniperus are correct. Specifically Quercus alba (white oak) because red oak is too porous to use for whiskey barrels. Castanea is chestnut which is now extinct (at least American Chestnut, Castanea dentata, is). The charcoal is more often made from Carya (hickory) and other hardwoods. A few species of Castanea (chinkapin) exist as shrubs in the southern US but they are not used for charcoal.
I think juniperus berries and needles are used rather than the bark but I'm not sure about that.

Correction:
Susan Troxel - email: Susan112@aol.com points out that American Chestnut is not technically extinct because some individual trees living in areas outside the native range of American Chestnut survive and Chestnut trees still sprout from living roots of the original trees although they soon succumb to the chestnut blight, Endothia parasitica,

Although we stray from the original question we provide for those of you who are interested a list of links for more information on the American Chestnut.

• Chestnut Blight
• Chestnuts And The Introduction Of Chestnut Blight
• American Chestnut Tree -Castanea dentata
• The American Chestnut Foundation
• The Chestnut Story

2. Computers

The ERU or the Emergency Recovery Utility allows you too back up your registry and other vital configuration files, and to successfully restore them from a floppy or a DOS prompt.

For additional information see http://www.css.msu.edu/Windows95/Windows95Recover2.html

3. Philosophy

The Davidsbündler was a group of 19th Century composers. They were conservative about preserving the tradition of classical music composition.
See The March of the Davidsbündler against the Philistines

4. History

This is a tricky one, it depends on which side of the conflict one supports and if you consider the territory in question a part of the NATO member's territory or not (most Latin Americans, like me don't).

I believe that this columnist must be talking about the Falklands/Malvinas War. In April of '82 Argentina invaded the Falklands/Malvinas Islands in the South Atlantic off Argentina's coast. The islands are claimed by both Argentina and the United Kingdom (a NATO member) as part of their territory. The outcome was that the UK regained military control of the islands by June '82 after a brief but fierce conflict with Argentina who inflicted surprising losses to the British navy due the use of Exocet missiles.

The Argentinians surrendered their forces, but never renounced their claims to their sovereignty over the islands.

Comment from Duane: This answer points out the global nature of the Internet and the fact that people with different backgrounds or from different parts of the world may see things in an entirely different way than others. I am glad now that I phrased that question as a quote from a columnist (George Will) rather than just asking the question. If I had just asked the question, I would be the one guilty of not seeing the conflict from the Latin American perspective.
Also check out the Falklands-Malvinas Forum

1. Forestry

What is the term for the ratio commonly expressed in the United States as the ratio of the dib at the top of the first 16 foot log to the dob at breast height?
see Answer

2. Computers

This Internet upstart, in claiming it is "Earth's biggest bookstore", ruffled the feathers of an established bookseller. The established company then established an Internet presence and billed itself as "The World's Largest Bookseller Online". Who are these two Internet goliaths?
see Answer

3. Philosophy

Teleological ethics teaches that we should act so as to maximize the greatest future good and the least future harm. This raises the question of whether we mean personal or collective good or harm. By this school of ethics it would be right to murder Jack the Ripper in his infancy because, by doing so, numerous murders could be prevented.

This late eighteenth century philosopher would disagree saying that the categorical imperative forbids any murder and that the ends cannot be used to justify immoral means.

Who was this thinker, proponent of deontological ethics, and professor at the University of Konigsberg?
see Answer

4. History

When he conquered Kalinga in 225 B.C., he was disgusted by what he saw of the cruelties and horrors of war. He declared that he would no longer seek conquest by war, but by religion, and the rest of his life was devoted to the spreading of Buddhism throughout the world. Who was this, the only military monarch on record who abandoned warfare after victory?
see Answer

1. Forestry

It is form class.
This question was unanswered during War IV.

Marino Jaen - email: marino@sinfo.net
has 80 points for his answers to the questions below:
Marino's answers were dated Tue, 2 Dec 1997 15:01:41 -0500 (EST)

2. Computers

Earth's Biggest Bookstore: Amazon.com
The World's Largest Bookseller Online: Barnes and Noble

3. Philosophy

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)

4. History

The conqueror of Kalinga was Emperor Asoka, who unified a lot of the Indian subcontinent. He was a descendant of Chandragupta.

1. Forestry

What is the name of the instrument below used in measuring slope and height of trees?

see Answer

2. Computers

An Internet Protocol address contains 32 bits.
In decimal it looks like this: 140.78.34.45
or this: 209.1.28.62.
Since each of the four numbers in an IP can range from 0 to 255 a total of 256 to the 4th power (or 4,295 million) IP addresses are theoretically available.

The first example given above, 140.78.34.45 is a Class B address. What is the subnet mask for this address? How many nodes are supported in a Class B network?

The second example given above, 209.1.28.62 is a Class C address. What is the subnet mask for this address? How many nodes are supported in a Class C network?
see Answer

3. Philosophy

"My message is the practice of compassion, love, and kindness. Compassion can be put into practice if one recognizes the fact that every human being is a member of humanity and the human family regardless of differences in religion, culture, color, and creed. Deep down there is no difference.

We should try never to let our happy frame of mind be disturbed. Whether we are suffering at present or have suffered in the past, there is no reason to be unhappy. If we can remedy it, why be unhappy? And if we cannot, what use is there in being depressed about it? That just adds more unhappiness and does no good at all.

By developing a sense of respect for others and a concern for their welfare, we reduce our own selfishness, which is the source of all problems, and enhance our sense of kindness which is a natural source of goodness."

Tenzin Gyatso

Who is this man? What is his full title? Where is his homeland?
see Answer

4. Science?

Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny. Huh?
see Answer

1. Forestry

It is an abney level.
This question was unanswered during War IV.

Randy Shavis - email: trout@intelligencia.com
has 20 points for his answer to the question below:
Randy's answer was dated Thu, 4 Dec 1997 23:04:32 -0500 (EST)

2. Computers

The questions about subnet masking:
There are 65,534 nodes in a B class and 255 nodes in a C class. Subnet mask for B is 255.255.0.0 and for C it's 255.255.255.0

Always enjoy reading the War of the Minds.

Note from Duane:
Your answer is right except the number of nodes in a class C is 256 unless the broadcast destination node is reserved.
Number of class B nodes should be 256 X 256 which is 65,536.
Once 0 and later 255 in a class C and 0 and later 65535 in a class B were used as the broadcast address but reserving these two node numbers would give 254 and 65,534.
For more information check this web link.

Marino Jaen - email: marino@sinfo.net
has 20 points for his answer to the question below:
Marino's answer was dated Sun, 16 Nov 1997 14:30:10 -0500 (EST)

3. Philosophy

Who is this man?
He is the current Dalai Lama

What is his full title?
14th Dalai Lama of Tibet

Where is his homeland?
In Tibet

Jeff Coleman - email: coleman@soonet.ca
has 20 points for his answer to the question below:
Jeff's answer was dated Mon, 17 Nov 1997 11:42:39 -0500 (EST)

4. Science

The order in which anatomical characteristics develop in an individual from conception to maturity (Ontogeny) may repeat the evolutionary history of the individual's species (Phylogeny).

Anne Lurie - email: ALurie6171@aol.com
found this related link on the subject.

1. Forestry

Location of suspect smokes by triangulation from fire tower alidade readings at a forest fire dispatch station ideally works like this:

However in actual practice it often looks like this:

There are three most probable explanations for this. What are, at least, two of these?
see Answer

2. Computers

The salesman sold me a computer with a two gigabyte hard disk drive. "Huge", he said. I said I wanted to store photographs in my computer, so he sold me a high resolution scanner. He said that with that baby I could scan my 8 X 10 family photos into the computer at 600 dots per inch with millions of colors. He said I needed this equipment to get the great quality pictures I wanted. After I scanned in about twenty pictures I found that my "Huge" hard disk drive was full. I met a guy once who showed me 20 or so great looking pictures on his computer and he had them all stored on a little floppy disk. What's the difference?
see Answer

3. Philosophy

This philosopher and traveller from the fifth century B.C. claimed that the universe was a purely mechanical system obeying fixed laws. He explained the origin of the universe through atoms moving randomly and colliding to form larger bodies and worlds. He also believed that space is infinite having always existed and that the number of atoms are infinite. His philosophy contains an early form of the conservation of energy. Who was this early thinker?
see Answer

4. Literature

When the hurlyburly's done,
When the battle's lost and won.
Ere the set of sun.

Who will do what in thunder, lightning or in rain? Where? With whom?
see Answer

1. Forestry

Three possible causes:
A big smoke could cause the error by not aiming at the true point of origin. Same with drifting smoke, hazy conditions, low ceiling etc. causing a bad aim.
The declination may be improperly set.
Lastly, one of the poor towermen after climbing to dizzying heights, fighting off the wasps in the tower cab and sitting in a sunspot for hours after a big lunch, dozes off, drops his glasses down the steps and finally panics when he realizes the fire has gotten big and completely fouls his reading in his rush to get it spotted. :D

Another possibility is more than one fire, causing one to suspect an arsonist.

Randy Shavis - email: trout@intelligencia.com
has 20 points for his answer to the question below:
Randy's answer was dated Sun, 2 Nov 1997 11:41:40 -0500 (EST)

2. Computers

The most probable answer to his being able to save many images on a floppy is the type of encoding used (type of software used to save/view the scanned images). A .bmp file with all that information would take gigs of space, but a .tif file would store very similar resolution in much smaller space. He could also be using other methods of compression to store the files (.zip). The representative size of the image would also play a major role-thumbnails would take up proportionally less HD space than a full rendering.
Comment from Duane: As for resolution he should scan at the resolution of his photograph not at the maximum resolution of his scanner. Probably about 200 dpi, no more than 300. To fill a 640 X 480 screen with an 8 X 10 photo at 200 dpi - 480/200=2.4 inches. 2.4/10 inches= 24% size.
8 X 10 at 600 dpi = 4800 X 6000 X 3 for millions of colors= about 85 megabytes.
8 X 10 at 200 dpi X 24%= 384 X 480 X 3 for 540k. Then store that as a JPEG file which compresses it and you have about 50 kilobytes.
85 million divided by 50 thousand equals about 1700 times as many photos or 34,000 pictures on a 2 gigabyte hard disk vs. 20.
See A few scanning tips.

Randy Bellville - email: rbellvi@mail.arco.com
has 20 points for his answer to the question below:
Randy's answer was dated Mon, 10 Nov 1997 12:23:02 -0500 (EST)

3. Philosophy

Democritus was credited with the first "atom" theory?

Jeff Coleman - email: coleman@soonet.ca
has 20 points for his answer to the question below:
Jeff's answer was dated Fri, 7 Nov 1997 03:20:58 -0500 (EST)

4. Literature

The answer to the question is found in Macbeth.
The scene opens with three witches entering an open plain Thunder and lightning surround them, as the first witch asks of the other witches, "When shall we three meet again? In thunder, lightning, or in rain?"(line 1-2). The second witch replies that they will meet "when the hurlyburly's done, when the battle's lost and won." (lines 3-4), and the third witch says that "that will be ere the set of the sun" (line 5). The witches proceed to discuss where they will meet, and decide that they will meet "upon the heath" (line 7) The third witch then prophesies that they will meet Macbeth there. They leave with one final chorus: "Fair is foul, and foul is fair/ Hover through the fog and filthy air," symbolizing the inversion of the world.

So the answer to the questions:
 
        1. Who will do what in thunder, lightning, or in rain?  The witches will meet.

        2. Where?  Upon the heath.

        3. With whom? Macbeth.

Standings in the War - IV

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